The Anunnaki: Ancient Astronauts or Mythical Deities? The Anunnaki, a group of deities from ancient Mesopotamian mythology, have captured the imagination of many. In recent decades, they've become central to various theories about the origins of humanity, often intertwined with ancient astronaut theories. Who Were the Anunnaki? In ancient Mesopotamian texts, the Anunnaki were a group of gods and goddesses